From Comparative Risk Assessment to Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Adaptive Management: A Review

In recent years, procedures for assessing and making decisions about environmental risks have evolved to include techniques such as toxicological risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis, and expert judgment and have become exceedingly sophisticated, data-intensive, and intricate.The main reason is that social, economic, ecological, and environmental concerns have inherent trade-offs.Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) are the most commonly used strategies to improve environmental decision-making.CRA doesn't have a systematic way of determining the best project option.In contrast, MCDA offers more well-supported methodologies for comparing project alternatives using decision matrices and systematic ways for incorporating project stakeholders' perspectives in solution ranking.According to this research, forecasting the evolution of the ecosystem and responding to varied management techniques necessitates a change from optimal to adaptive management.The study conducts advanced research in CRA, MCDA, and adaptive management strategies employed in environmental restoration and rehabilitation projects, as well as a comprehensive assessment of existing decision-making methodologies.This study presents a framework for decision-making to combine MCDA and adaptive management and methods for eliciting stakeholder value and public participation.The study also demonstrates the framework's applications.

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