Clinical significance of determining the levels of iron, copper, cobalt, and zinc in the blood of neonates and their mothers, in case of hemolytic disease of the newborn

Introduction. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of hemolytic disease of the newborn are well-understood, the issue of metabolic processes in this disease has not received adequate attention. Trace elements and electrolytes are essential to the development of this pathology, especially to metabolic changes associated with erythrocyte damage. Thus, the pathogenesis of the disease is closely linked to disorders of trace element metabolism—trace element imbalances—which affects the specific features of the clinical course, severity, and development of complications. Aim. To determine the levels of iron, copper, cobalt, and zinc in the blood of newborns with hemolytic disease at various clinical forms and degrees of severity, as well as dynamically during the course of the disease. Materials and Methods. The subjects of the study were newborns with hemolytic disease and their mothers who were undergoing inpatient treatment at the perinatal center of Andijan State Medical Institute from September, 2022 to December, 2024. Trace elements, i.e. iron, copper, cobalt, and zinc, were determined in the blood of newborns with hemolytic disease (n=130) and their mothers (n=117). For control, the levels of these trace elements were determined in the cord blood of healthy newborns (n=85) born to mothers with Rh-negative blood type, and in the blood of their mothers (n=72). Anamnestic, general clinical, laboratory, instrumental, and biochemical investigation methods were used additionally. The obtained data were statistically processed using the variation statistics method with advanced computer software packages Statistica 6.0, using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, correlation analysis, Student’s t-test, and chi-square test (Х2). Results and Discussion. Changes in the levels of iron, copper, cobalt, and zinc in the blood of newborns, which we have determined in various forms of and at different stages of the course of hemolytic disease of the newborn indicate serious disturbances in the metabolism of these trace elements. The nature and extent of these changes are directly related to the severity of the pathological process in the child’s body. Conclusions. The contents of trace elements in the blood of newborns with hemolytic disease and of their mothers differ from their normal contents and change dynamically during the course of the disease. It was noticed that there is a dependence of the levels of trace elements in the blood of newborns and their mothers on the clinical forms and severity of hemolytic disease. Thus, the determination of the iron, copper, cobalt, and zinc levels in the blood of newborns with hemolytic disease and of their mothers is a relevant research area that can improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease

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