Influence of excessive pro-inflammatory immune response on immunological parameters in women with early miscarriages

The study results showed that in the early pregnancy (up to 12 weeks) in women with a full-term pregnancy, but suffering from genital infections, changes occur in cellular immune arm. Such alterations affect both innate and adaptive immunity due to activated inflammatory reactions. At the same time, despite detected infection, pregnancy in such women may progression without serious disturbances. However, studies have shown that much more prominent changes in immune system are observed in women with former miscarriages, if they also suffer from genital infections. In women with miscarriages paralleled with genital infections, changes in the immune system are more pronounced that may be accounted for by ongoing immune response hyperreactivity. The latter is referred to an excessive reaction of the immune system to ongoing infection that results in higher inflammation. Such excessive inflammatory processes can cause a disrupted normal mechanisms of pregnancy maintenance, which in turn contributes to increased risk of pregnancy termination, as is observed in miscarriages. In addition, a more pronounced imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins is observed in women with miscarriage. Pro-inflammatory interleukins (such as IL-6, IL-1β) potentiate inflammation and may increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, including miscarriage. Anti-inflammatory interleukins, on the other hand, should maintain balance in immune system and counter inflammation, but in case of women with former miscarriage, their activity is insufficient to counteract infection-related inflammatory processes. Thus, the presence of genital infections in women with former miscarriage often leads to excessive immune system activity, which contributes to increased inflammation and disrupted physiological processes that support pregnancy. In such cases, immune response is inadequate and exuberant that may contribute to pregnancy loss.

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