THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DYNAMICS OF HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES IN ONTOGENESIS

Heteropolysaccharides represent a broad and structurally diverse class of carbohydrate macromolecules essential for embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis, immune function, and maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Their structural variability, sulfation patterns, and interactions with proteins make them central regulators of cellular communication and extracellular matrix organization throughout ontogenesis. Accumulating evidence shows that disruptions in their metabolism—resulting from enzyme deficiencies, genetic abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, or aberrant biosynthesis—contribute to severe developmental anomalies and a wide range of pathological processes, including mucopolysaccharidoses, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular dysfunctions, metabolic disorders, and chronic inflammation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the ontogenetic dynamics of heteropolysaccharides, emphasizing their structural modification, biosynthetic regulation, and biological roles at different developmental stages. Furthermore, the review summarizes disease-associated alterations and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Understanding these processes opens new directions for diagnostic, therapeutic, and regenerative medical strategiesand Their Alterations in Human Diseases.

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