Black holes in general relativity coupled with NEDs surrounded by PFDM: Thermodynamics, epicyclic oscillations, QPOs, and shadow

In this work, we investigate the thermodynamics and motion of neutral test particles around a regular black hole immersed in a perfect fluid dark matter environment. We begin by examining the horizon structure and key thermodynamic properties, with particular emphasis on quantities such as the Hawking temperature and the specific heat capacity. These aspects provide important insight into the stability and physical behavior of the black hole system. We then proceed to analyze the dynamics of neutral test particles using the Hamiltonian formalism, through which we derive the effective potential governing particle motion. Using the effective potential, we further study quasiperiodic oscillations by determining the associated epicyclic frequencies and comparing them with available observational data. Using the observed quasiperiodic oscillations data of XTE J1550-564, GRO J1655-40, GRS 1915+105, and M82 X-1, we perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis to constrain the black hole mass, the magnetic charge parameter, the perfect fluid dark matter parameter, and the characteristic orbital radius. Finally, we investigate the black hole shadow and demonstrate how various geometric parameters influence its optical appearance. This analysis suggests possible observational signatures within the adopted model of such black holes and their surrounding dark matter environment.

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