Microbial nutrient management approaches for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and soil health under field conditions

Green technologies exert a significant impact on agricultural systems, providing a promising pathway to enhance sustainable crop production, yield, and soil microbial activity, thereby strengthening food security. A two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two biofertilizers, Zamin M and Simbioz EM-1 , on rice quality parameters and soil fertility in typical serozem soils of Uzbekistan. The experiment comprised four treatments, including the sole application of each biofertilizer and their combined application which were tested against the control. Among the applied treatments, the combined application produced the most pronounced effects, significantly enhancing germination (30.2%), plant height (23.1%), biomass accumulation (46.2%), and harvest index (21.8%). Likewise, yield components were improved, with grain yield increasing by 44.3% under dual inoculation compared with the control. Furthermore, seed quality traits including 1,000-seed weight (6.2%), seed output (8.4%), amylase activity (9.4%), and protein content (10.3%), were maximized under the combined treatment. Nutrient uptake analysis revealed substantial increases in N, P, and K acquisition, with N uptake rising from 97.4 in control to 133.6 kg·ha −1 with the combined application. Enhanced nutrient assimilation translated into higher N-use efficiency indices (aNUE, pNUE, iNUE, aNRE) in the biotreated variables compared with the control. Soil fertility parameters, including humus, total N, and available nutrient forms, were significantly improved, alongside enriched microbial populations. The combined biofertilizer application resulted in the highest abundance of microbial groups, including ammonifiers (9.0 × 10 7 ), oligonitrophils (8.7 × 10 6 ), micromycetes (7.5 × 10 4 ), and actinomycetes (5.8 × 10 5 ), compared with the control. These findings highlight the microbial-enhanced fertilizers as a climate-smart and sustainable nutrient management strategy, offering a pathway to strengthen rice production systems while improving soil health.

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