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Green-synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles for seed nanopriming enhance chickpea growth and suppress fusarium wilt

Sadaf AnwaarDepartment of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, PakistanAyesha ArifDepartment of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, PakistanMuneeba NaseemDepartment of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, PakistanAimen RafaqatDepartment of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, PakistanSheza FarooqDepartment of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, PakistanTauseef AnwarDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, PakistanHuma QureshiHossam S. El-BeltagiAgricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaIbtisam M. AlsudaysDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi ArabiaKhalid H. AlamerBiological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, 21911, Rabigh, Saudi ArabiaShavkat DurxadjayevDepartment of Vegetable Growing and Organization of Greenhouse Farming, Tashkent State Agrarian University, St. University, 2A, Kibray District, Tashkent, 100700, Tashkent Region, UzbekistanNazih Y. RebouhInstitute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198, Moscow, RussiaÁrpád SzékelyResearch Center for Irrigation and Water Management, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-Liget Str. 35.,, H-5540, Szarvas, HungaryRasha M. AlzayedBiology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, 41412, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaSondos A. AlhajoujBiology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, 41412, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaMeaad F. AlaidaBiology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, 41412, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

2026en

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Abstract Background Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) productivity is severely constrained by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris , and eco-friendly seed treatments are needed. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO-NPs) were green-synthesized using Ficus carica leaf extract and characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, TEM, EDS, DLS, zeta potential, XRD, and XPS analyses. Seeds were nanoprimed for 24 h with CoO-NP suspensions (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mg/L) or a distilled water control, grown for 25 days, and challenged with F. oxysporum . In vitro antifungal activity was assessed by disc diffusion. Data (n = 3 biological replicates) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD (p < 0.05). Results UV–Vis peaks at 199, 216, and 229 nm and FTIR Co–O bands at 500–700 cm⁻ 1 confirmed CoO-NP formation. TEM, EDS, DLS, zeta potential, XRD, and XPS further confirmed nanoscale morphology, elemental composition, colloidal behaviour, crystallinity, and surface chemical states of the synthesized CoO-NPs. Compared with the control, nanopriming at 0.5 mg/L increased shoot length and root length, while 0.7 mg/L produced the highest growth response. Disease severity decreased from 63% in infected control to 32.5% at 0.5 mg/L and 27.5% at 0.7 mg/L. Disc diffusion showed the largest inhibition zones at 0.7 mg/L (18.5 ± 0.5 mm) and 0.5 mg/L (17.0 ± 0.5 mm). Conclusions Fig-mediated CoO-NP seed priming at 0.5–0.7 mg/L simultaneously enhanced chickpea growth and suppressed Fusarium wilt under controlled conditions. The absence of a bulk cobalt control remains an important limitation; therefore, future studies should include equivalent ionic/bulk cobalt treatments to distinguish nano-specific effects from cobalt ion effects. Field validation, dose–response refinement, nodulation assessment, and mechanistic assays, including ROS, antioxidant enzymes, and defense genes, are recommended. Biosafety work should assess nanoparticle persistence and effects on beneficial rhizosphere microbes over multiple seasons.

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DOI: 10.1186/s40538-026-00991-3

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