THE CKM SYNDROME PARADIGM: A UNIFIED APPROACH TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL STAGING, AND MULTI-ORGAN PROTECTION

Resume. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents a systemic disorder characterized by the pathological interaction of adiposity, insulin resistance, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Traditionally managed in clinical silos, accumulating evidence demonstrates that these conditions comprise a single continuous disease spectrum. This review examines the shared molecular bridges of CKM syndrome, details the newly established American Heart Association (AHA) staging framework, and analyzes multi-organ therapeutic strategies. Cardiovascular risk assessment has evolved with the introduction of the PREVENT equations, which integrate metabolic and renal biomarkers to improve 10-year and lifetime risk projections. Furthermore, contemporary clinical trial data—specifically regarding SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists—demonstrate that modern pharmacotherapy offers simultaneous cardiorenal and metabolic protection that extends far beyond glycemic control. Transitioning from reactive event management to proactive, interdisciplinary CKM staging is essential to reducing the global burden of multi-organ failure and improving long-term patient outcomes. Keywords: Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome; Visceral Adiposity; SGLT2 Inhibitors; GLP-1 Receptor Agonists; Cardiorenal Protection; PREVENT Risk Equations.

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