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Genome-wide identification and characterization of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1- carboxylate synthase (ACS) gene family in Carica papaya and expression insights in response to hormone stress

Muhammad MudasarDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, PakistanHafiz Ghulam NabiBeijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaArsalan AhmadDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaMUHAMMAD SHAFIQDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, PakistanNida ShahzadCollege of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100, ChinaZohair AbbasDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaMuhammad AliDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, PakistanImran UllahState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, ChinaHamid AkbarBeijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaSami Ul-AllahDepartment of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PakistanMuhammad AhmadDepartment of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaWaqas LiaqatDepartment of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize/Pazar, 53300, TürkiyeMustafa AKBULUTDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize/Pazar, 53300, TürkiyeFaheem Shehzad BalochDepartment of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Sh. Rashidov Samarkand State University, Samarkand, 140104, UzbekistanMuhammad Tanveer AltafDepartment of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize/Pazar, 53300, Türkiye. [email protected]

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by-nc-nd

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Annotatsiya

ACC-synthase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase), also known as the ACS gene, plays a pivotal role in ethylene production, which is of great importance in the fruit ripening process for producing saleable yield (marketable fruit). The ACS gene family presumably controls stress responses, plant growth and development, and particularly fruit ripening. Computational biology was used as an essential tool to identify seven ACS genes in Carica papaya (red hermaphrodite) using an RNA-seq database (NCBI GEO). Further, the phylogenetic relationships of ACS genes determined gene family resemblance in the genomes of Hordeum vulgare, Musa acuminata, C. papaya, and Arabidopsis thaliana; therefore, the identified gene families were further classified into four distinct clades (Type-I, Type-II, Type-III, and Type-IV) in alignment with the well-established Arabidopsis classification. Moreover, encompassing gene structure, domain motifs, cis-element phylogenetic profiling, synteny, and transcriptomic profiling unveiled latent structural and functional attributes within CpACS genes. Through segmental duplication of CpACS, insights into evolutionary duplication events were predicted. The paralogous behavior of ACS genes in C. papaya and a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis demonstrated both up- and down-regulation patterns in response to ethylene treatment at different time points during the fruit ripening process, using the papaya manual handbook V2 (2021). Gene expression showed upregulation of two essential CpACS genes, CpACS5 and CpACS6. RT-qPCR validates the expression of these important genes during fruit ripening. However, one gene, CpACS7, is expressed in the later stages of fruit development. Our results demonstrated novel avenues for understanding the expression pathways of the ACS gene family in red hermaphrodite papaya, and most of these genes were linked to regulating various abiotic stresses, plant growth, and fruit development.

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DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-09368-y

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