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From Satellite to Ground: An Integrated Multiscale and Multitemporal Remote-Sensing Workflow for Archaeological Prospection at Zar Tepe (1st–5th Centuries AD) in Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan

Jorge Angás PajasDepartment of Ancient Sciences and Institute of Heritage and Humanities (IPH), ARAID–University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, SpainPaula Uribe AgudoDepartment of Ancient Sciences and Institute of Heritage and Humanities (IPH), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, SpainVerónica Martínez FerrerasDepartament d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, SpainCristian IranzoDepartment of Geography and Spatial Management-Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, SpainJosep M. GurtDepartament d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, SpainAzamat ZakirovDepartment of Archaeological Geophysics, Institute of Anthropology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100047, UzbekistanIlyas YanbukhtinDepartment of Archaeological Geophysics, Institute of Anthropology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100047, UzbekistanU. N. MusaevDepartment of Archaeological Geophysics, Institute of Anthropology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100047, UzbekistanEnrique Ariño GilDepartamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, SpainHikmatulla HoshimovSilk Road International Research Institute, Silk Road International University of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, Samarkand 140104, UzbekistanCarlos ValladaresDepartment of Ancient Sciences and Institute of Heritage and Humanities (IPH), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, SpainShakir R. PidaevInstitute of Fine Arts, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100029, Uzbekistan

2026en

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Annotatsiya

Remote sensing has become a key non-invasive tool in archaeological prospection, particularly in regions where logistical constraints limit sustained fieldwork. This study presents the results from Zar Tepe (1st–5th centuries AD), in the Surkhandarya province of southern Uzbekistan, within northwestern Bactria. The research aimed to document the site’s urban layout, accurately relocate Soviet-era excavation sectors within the present-day topography, and refine the interpretation of earlier interventions that were only partially documented and lacked precise georeferencing. A multiscale and multitemporal methodology was applied, integrating CORONA and WorldView-3 satellite imagery, UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry, GNSS Precise Point Positioning, magnetic prospection, and targeted archaeological verification. The workflow followed an iterative laboratory–field sequence, combining remote-sensing analysis, field checks, data refinement, and systematic ground-truth validation. Fieldwork was conducted during two contrasting phenological periods, in June 2024 and December 2025, to assess seasonal variability in surface and subsurface visibility. The integrated approach enabled the accurate spatial fitting of legacy excavation sectors and supported the cross-validation of optical and salt-efflorescence-related anomalies with geophysical evidence. These results provide a stronger basis for the cautious interpretation of buried architectural features and for refining hypotheses concerning Zar Tepe’s urban organization and occupational dynamics.

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DOI: 10.3390/rs18132089

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