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Dual roles of mesenchymal, neural, and induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer: implications for tumorigenesis and therapeutic applications

Mohammad khedmatgozarSchool of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFarzaneh YazdiNeuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Rheumatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranMotlagh FaFaculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, IranKDV PrasadSymbiosis Institute of Business Management, Hyderabad, IndiaSarvar IslomovOncologist, Pediatric Oncosurgery, Interventional Oncologist, Scientific Researcher in Department of "Oncology and Hematology", National Children's Medical Center, 294 Parkent Street, Tashkent, UzbekistanZahraa Al-KhafajiDepartment of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, IraqAbbas Fadhel AliDepartment of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, IraqSami G. AlmalkiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, 11952, Majmaah, Saudi ArabiaPouria SalajeghehDepartment of Paediatrics Hematology and Oncology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Reserch Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran. [email protected]P RahmaniDepartment of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Adminstration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. [email protected]

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by-nc-nd

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Annotatsiya

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) play a crucial role in human development and cancer biology. While they are known to facilitate tumorigenesis, these stem cell types also hold promise as therapeutic tools in cancer treatment. They can serve as delivery systems for targeted therapies, with potential applications in regenerative medicine and cancer stem cell-targeted therapies. Through mutations, epigenetic modifications, and influences from the tumor microenvironment, somatic or normal stem cells, as well as progenitor or differentiated cells, can evolve into cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs represent a small but critical subset of tumor cells involved in tumor formation, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This review examines the dual role of MSCs, NSCs, and iPSCs in cancer by exploring their contribution to tumor initiation and their potential as therapeutic targets. To provide a focused narrative synthesis, we reviewed peer-reviewed studies addressing MSCs, NSCs, iPSCs, CSC formation, and stem cell-based therapeutic strategies in oncology. Additionally, we explore the mechanisms by which somatic or normal stem cells transition into CSCs and the factors contributing to this transformation, along with emerging CSC-targeting therapies. Finally, the role of stem cells and their exosomes as carriers in cancer therapies is examined, alongside their applications in immunotherapy and regenerative medicine, and the challenges associated with their clinical use in cancer treatment.

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DOI: 10.1007/s12672-026-05347-9

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