THE IMPACT OF ESR2 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Resume. Estrogens are currently recognized as important regulators of both physiological and pathological processes within the prostate gland. Their biological activity is mediated through two major nuclear receptor subtypes, namely estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), encoded by the ESR1 and ESR2 genes, respectively. These receptors function through ligand-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that subsequently regulate target gene expression involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Genetic alterations and polymorphic variations in estrogen receptor genes may influence receptor sensitivity, modify hormonal responses, and contribute to disease susceptibility. Several studies have demonstrated that specific polymorphisms within estrogen receptor genes are associated with abnormal tissue proliferation and increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Estrogens have been shown to participate in the regulation of angiogenesis, inflammatory signaling pathways, and cellular growth processes, all of which may contribute to prostate tissue remodeling and disease progression. Keywords: ESR2, estrogen receptor, polymorphism, prostate gland, benign prostatic hyperplasia, single nucleotide polymorphism.

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