Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide in cardiac tissue engineering: Structural and functional advances

Myocardial infarction results in the irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes, necessitating advanced therapeutic strategies for functional regeneration. Carbon-based nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO), have emerged as pivotal platforms in cardiac tissue engineering due to their unique structural and conductive properties. CNTs, with their one-dimensional, high-aspect-ratio topology and exceptional electrical conductivity, can be integrated into hydrogel scaffolds to create porous, aligned networks. These networks mimic the native myocardial environment, enhancing intercellular electrical coupling and promoting the synchronous contraction of cardiomyocytes. Conversely, GO, the two-dimensional derivative of graphene, offers a high surface area decorated with oxygen functional groups. This structure facilitates superior protein adsorption and cell adhesion, while its hydrophilic nature allows for homogeneous dispersion within biocompatible matrices. This article first introduces the structures and key mechanical properties of CNTs and GO, followed by a discussion of their diverse applications in cardiac tissue engineering. We then highlight how these nanomaterials enhance scaffold performance, influence cellular behavior, and contribute to emerging strategies aimed at restoring myocardial function.

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