Antibacterial and anticancer applications of bioactive compounds from Ocimum tenuiflorum L.: A comprehensive review

Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as Holy Basil or Tulsi, has gained importance in recent years because it contains bioactive compounds with strong antimicrobial activities. In this review, recent progress in the elucidation of antimicrobial mechanisms and uses of four important components derived from the plant are discussed: eugenol, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid and apigenin. The years between 2015 and 2025 have been characterized by extraordinary advancements in the understanding of the molecular modes of their antimicrobial action, new strategies for optimizing their delivery, and the search for these molecules in synergistic associations. It has been reported that these compounds possess a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities against many pathogenic germs, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, through the mechanism of cell membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition and cellular process infection, etc. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has reinvigorated interest in the use of natural products as alternative therapeutic compounds. This review focuses on the antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds, their mode of action, structure-activity relationships, and therapeutic properties, as well as discusses some technological innovations for isolating, purifying, and formulating them.

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