Sensitive and Sustainable Voltammetric Determination of Gilteritinib Using a SnO ₂ /Co ₃ O ₄ -Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Supported by DFT Analysis

An electrochemical sensor based on a SnO 2 /Co 3 O 4 -modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was developed for the quantitative determination of gilteritinib (GIL), a drug used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. The SnO 2 /Co 3 O 4 nanocomposite was synthesized via a precipitation–calcination route and characterized by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and STEM analyses. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with bare CPE, the SnO 2 /Co 3 O 4 /CPE exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity and faster electron-transfer kinetics, evidenced by lower peak separation (Δ E p = 0.19 V), higher peak current ( I p = 35 µ A), and reduced charge-transfer resistance ( R ct = 2590 Ω). Quantitative determination of GIL was carried out using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), yielding a wide linear range of 0.00031–11.640 μ M with limits of detection and quantification of 0.093 and 0.309 nM, respectively. The sensor showed excellent repeatability (RSD = 1.1%), reproducibility (RSD = 0.5%), high sensitivity (13.17 µ A µ M −1 cm −2 ), and good selectivity, with recoveries between 96.9% and 103.5%. Greenness assessment using AGREE, GAPI, and BAGI confirmed the environmentally friendly nature of the method. Overall, the proposed platform provides a sensitive and reliable approach for GIL determination with potential application in therapeutic monitoring.

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