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Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye by the preparation of a novel ternary g-C3N4/TiO2/FeTiO3 nanocomposite

Fadhel F. SeadDepartment of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Islamic University, Najaf, IraqFarag M. A. AltalbawyDepartment of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi ArabiaNikunj RachchhDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Marwadi Universitly Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, IndiaR. RoopashreeDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaSubhashree RayDepartment of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, IndiaMehul ManuAllied Science (Physics), Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, IndiaAashna SinhaSchool of Applied and Life Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaGunjan GargCentre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, IndiaFarzona AlimovaDepartment of Chemistry and Its Teaching Methods, National Pedagogical University ofUzbekistan, Tashkent, UzbekistanKhursheed MuzammilDepartment of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, 62561, Abha, Saudi Arabia

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by

ABI

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Abstract This article presents a hydrothermal approach for the preparation of a ternary g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 nanocomposite. XRD and FT-IR analysis confirm the successful synthesis of g-C 3 N 4 , TiO 2 , FeTiO 3 , and g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 nanocomposite. The morphological, elemental analysis, and optical properties of the samples were tested using FE-SEM, EDS, map, UV–vis DRS, EIS, and PL methods. The resulting g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 nanocomposite is systematically examined for its ability to photodegrade crystal violet (CV) dye via visible light-mediated photocatalysis. The g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 nanocomposite shown outstanding photocatalytic degradation percentage (99.18%) towards CV within 60 min of irradiation of visible light at pH 8, as compared to other samples, i.e., g-C 3 N 4 (26.21%), TiO 2 (18.11%), FeTiO 3 (22.09%), g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 (43.96%), g-C 3 N 4 /FeTiO 3 (38.29%), and TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 (32.15%) under similar reaction conditions. To examine the kinetics of the CV degradation process, the first-order kinetic model was employed, and the results demonstrated that the rate constant of g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 (0.0246 min -1 ) is higher than that of g-C 3 N 4 (0.0025 min -1 ), TiO 2 (0.0019 min -1 ), FeTiO 3 (0.0022 min -1 ), g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 (0.0047 min -1 ), g-C 3 N 4 /FeTiO 3 (0.0039 min -1 ), and TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 (0.0031 min -1 ). Also, the reusability of the g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 /FeTiO 3 photocatalyst was explored, and the results show high stability of the photocatalyst after 6 cycles. The trapping tests exhibited that the key active species in the degradation of CV were • OH and h + . According to the band structures of g-C 3 N 4 , TiO 2 , and FeTiO 3, a possible mechanism was proposed for the degradation of CV. The findings exhibited that hybridization of TiO 2 and FeTiO 3 nanoparticles with g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets greatly increased the photodegradation of water pollutants.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-65190-4

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