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Phylogeny of the subtribe Asterinae (Asteraceae: Astereae): new circumscription for Asterinae and Aster and implications for pappus evolution

Guojin ZhangState Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093 ,Haihua HuState Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093 ,FU ZhixiCollege of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610066 ,Guohao NiuChina National Botanical GardenBohan JiaoUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Life Sciences, , Beijing 100049 ,C L ZhangState Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093 ,Meng WeiGuangxi Forestry Research Institute , Nanning 530002, Guangxi ,Goro KokubugataDepartment of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science , Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005 ,Akiko SoejimaFaculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 ,J WangQueensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens , Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066 ,Manana KhutsishviliNational Herbarium of Georgia, Ilia State University , Tbilisi 0105 ,Xuejun GeCenter of Conservation Biology, South China Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510650 ,Jiahao ShenHerbarium, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014 ,John C. SempleDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 ,Luc BrouilletUniversity Herbier Marie-Victorin, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal , 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2 ,Tiangang GaoChina National Botanical Garden , Beijing 100093 ,

2026en

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BACKGROUND: The subtribe Asterinae (Asteraceae: Astereae) comprises ∼300 species across 13 genera (including the well-known type genus Aster) with considerable horticultural and ecological importance. The pappus, a key character for dispersal and protection, is highly diverse and taxonomically important in Asterinae. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Asterinae and Aster remain poorly resolved, leading to persistent taxonomic controversies and obscuring the evolutionary history of the pappus morphology. METHODS: We reconstructed both plastid (using five newly developed markers) and nuclear (using 130,503 SNPs generated from ddRADseq) trees, based on a comprehensive sampling of 119 species representing all 13 genera of Asterinae and allied subtribes. Using these newly obtained trees, we inferred the evolutionary trajectories of pappus morphology across Asterinae. KEY RESULTS: Both plastid and nuclear SNP trees resolved relationships within Asterinae with strong support. The previously defined Asterinae and Aster were revealed to be polyphyletic, splitting into four (plastid tree) or seven (nuclear SNP tree) clades, respectively. Both trees strongly supported a large clade containing most genera and species of the previously circumscribed Asterinae. Within this large clade, four consistent and highly supported subclades were recovered, while three additional clades were resolved outside of it. Incongruent placements of several taxa between the two trees were detected. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed extensive homoplasy in pappus evolution, undermining taxonomic reliability of the pappus morphology. CONCLUSIONS: We redefine Asterinae to include only its core clade and recognize a single monophyletic Aster. This revised taxonomy of Asterinae consolidates 16 former genera of Astereae. Additionally, we propose one new subtribe (Chlamyditinae) and four subgenera within Aster-three of which are novel. This framework clarifies the taxonomy of Asterinae and Aster and lays the groundwork for future studies on the evolution of pappus and other characters that may drive the rise of its remarkable species diversity.

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DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcag225

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