RESEARCH ON GENDER DIFFERENCES IN POLITE EXPRESSIONS: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF CHINESE, RUSSIAN AND UZBEK
Annotatsiya
Abstract This paper focuses on gender differences in polite expressions in Chinese, Russian, and Uzbek, revealing that women in all three languages tend to use euphemisms, indirect, and emotionally rich expressions. In contrast, men’s expressions are more concise, direct, and even assertive. However, within different cultural contexts such as Confucianism, Orthodox tradition, and Islamic ethics, gender differences in polite expressions across these three languages also have their own characteristics, with each language emphasizing different aspects such as kinship ethics, social expectations, and religious family views. Furthermore, gender differences are also influenced by multiple factors, including societal development, social status, and language adaptation, requiring consideration of their dynamic nature and context-dependent nature. Key words: gender differences, politeness expressions, speech etiquette, cross-cultural differences, linguistic, Chinese, Russian, Uzbek.