Developing and Validating the HARMONY Model: A Prophetic Values-Based Hadith Learning Approach Integrating Digital Tools to Strengthen University Students’ Religious Tolerance

Religious tolerance in higher education is important amid exclusivist perspectives and limited contextualization of religious learning in Indonesia’s plural society. Hadith instruction in Islamic Religious Education often emphasizes normative-textual understanding while giving insufficient attention to values relevant to interreligious coexistence. This study developed and preliminarily evaluated prophetic-values-based hadith learning model. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was employed at four Indonesian universities. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 16 participants, producing 651 coded statements that informed the HARMONY model (Hadith Analysis and Reflective Meaning for Openness, Nurturing, and Humanity). The model integrates Maktabah Syamilah, the Encyclopedia of the Nine Hadith Imams, and ChatGPT-supported reflective dialogue. AI-generated information was treated as provisional and verified against authoritative hadith sources under lecturer supervision. The quantitative phase involved 140 students in a one-group pretest–posttest design. Data were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests, Cohen’s d, and N-Gain. Expert evaluation indicated high model validity (M = 3.80/4.00). Significant improvements were observed in hadith learning competence (t = 18.42, p < .001, d = 1.56, N-Gain = 0.71) and self-reported religious tolerance (t = 17.16, p < .001, d = 1.45, N-Gain = 0.68), categorized as high and medium, respectively. These findings provide preliminary evidence of favorable short-term changes following implementation. The study supports SDG 4 through inclusive education and SDG 16 through peaceful coexistence. Further research using comparison groups, multiple measurements, and longer observation is recommended to confirm the findings and strengthen evidence of the model’s effectiveness.

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