Models of import substitution by enterprises in the context of the digital economy

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and applied aspects of import substitution in industrial enterprises in the context of the digital transformation of business systems. It explores the evolution of conceptual frameworks: the authors provide detailed definitions of key categories, including "digital economy," "import substitution," "technological sovereignty," and "reverse engineering." Based on a systematization of existing approaches, three basic import substitution models are identified-total, partial, and innovative-followed by a comparative analysis based on investment costs, implementation timeframes, innovative potential, and the risk of technological isolation. Particular attention is paid to the role of digital platforms, additive technologies, and artificial intelligence as tools for a new generation of import substitution strategies. Current trends are identified: the transition from "analog copying" to "advanced modernization," the emergence of hybrid models, and the digitalization of supply chains. The conclusions substantiate the hypothesis of the convergence of partial and innovative models as the dominant trend for high-tech sectors. The conclusion contains recommendations for the implementation of digital twins of production facilities when designing import-substituting products.

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