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Phase Change Materials in Energy Systems: Performance, Reliability, Life Cycle Evidence, and Design Guidelines

Abdellatif M. SadeqFaculty of Agricultural Mechanization , TIIAME National Research University , Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000 , UzbekistanMohamed Bechir Ben HamidaDeanship of Scientific Research , Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , imamu.edu.saRaad Z. HomodDepartment of Oil and Gas Engineering , Basrah University for Oil and Gas , Basra , Iraq , uobasrah.edu.iqHussein TogunThi-Qar Technical College , Southern Technical University , Basrah , Iraq , stu.edu.iqFarhan Lafta RashidPetroleum Engineering Department , College of Engineering , University of Kerbala , Karbala 56001 , Iraq , uokerbala.edu.iqBilal Naji AlhasnawiCollege of Engineering , Al-Ayen Iraqi University , Nasiriyah , Thi-Qar , IraqAtef El KhatibSchool of Engineering , Mechanical Engineering Department , Lebanese International University , Matn , Mount Lebanon , Lebanon , liu.edu.lbMudhar A. Al‐ObaidiTechnical Instructor Training Institute , Middle Technical University , Baghdad 10074 , Iraq , mtu.edu.iqHussam Abdulrasool HasanMohamed KezzarAmr Sayed Hassan AbdallahBarun HaldarIndustrial Engineering Department , College of Engineering , Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by

ABI

Annotatsiya

Despite the growing maturity of solid–liquid phase change material (PCM) research, deployable latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems remain constrained by a disconnect between material‐level advances and application‐level performance under realistic operating conditions. This review addresses that gap through an application‐centric synthesis of recent literature published between 2020 and 2025, covering three primary domains: building‐envelope and heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) integration, solar thermal and photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) systems, and battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). For each domain, quantified performance outcomes are reported: representative PCM‐specific building comparisons report peak‐load or heat‐flux reductions of about 8%–36.5% and annual energy savings of 10%–30%; a separate validated computational fluid dynamic (CFD) case coupling rooftop PCM with a solar chimney/earth‐to‐air heat‐exchanger system supplied 81% of the peak cooling demand; therefore, this upper value is not attributed to PCM alone. PV/T‐coupled nano‐enhanced PCMs (NePCMs) raise system efficiency by up to 32% and cut subcooling by 25%; hybrid PCM‐based BTMS maintain cell temperatures below 45°C with Δ T under 5°C at 5C discharge. Cross‐cutting analysis identifies polymer‐matrix form‐stable composites and low‐loading hybrid nano‐fillers (graphene, MXene, and carbon nanotubes [CNTs]) as comparatively well‐supported enhancement routes, while dual‐shell encapsulation shows promising long‐cycle retention but still lacks standardized rapid thermal‐shock evidence. Critical unresolved barriers—hydrate supercooling, corrosion compatibility, and the absence of standardized life‐testing protocols—are mapped to specific application contexts. The review concludes with a prioritized design roadmap linking material selection, encapsulation strategy, and system integration to deployment‐oriented targets across each sector.

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DOI: 10.1155/er/2036127

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