Study on photovoltaic characteristics of bifacial solar panels

Bifacial solar modules capture irradiance on both their front and rear faces, delivering higher energy yield and a lower levelised cost of electricity than conventional monofacial modules, yet their performance hinges on the surrounding reflective environment and installation geometry, conditions that remain insufficiently characterised for practical deployments. This study experimentally identifies the operating and geometric conditions that maximise the output of silicon bifacial panels and quantifies how far these conditions depart from those of monofacial modules. The current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of a 545 W silicon bifacial panel were measured under natural sunlight across irradiance levels from 95 to 760 W/m², illuminating the front and rear surfaces separately while systematically varying the ground-surface colour (albedo), the panel-to-wall separation from a rear vertical wall, the tilt angle relative to the horizon, and the panel azimuth, with a monofacial panel serving as a reference. Peak performance emerged at a separation of 150 cm from a white vertical wall and at a tilt angle of 45° for the bifacial panel, against 39° for the monofacial reference, while the highest short-circuit currents arose within ±10° of normal incidence and over green and white high-albedo ground; vertical east-west and south-north installations, in turn, yielded markedly different daily generation profiles. These optimal conditions differ measurably from those of monofacial modules, translating into practical guidance for deploying bifacial panels along roads, across agricultural fields and near reflective built surfaces, and confirming their suitability for hot-climate regions.

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