THE EVOLUTION OF ETHNOGRAPHIC IDENTITY IN THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS: FROM PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS TO MODERN NATIONALISM

The focus of this research was the evolution of ethnographic identity in the Carpathian Mountains, specifically the impact of historical events, cultural exchanges, and political change on the region's identity from prehistoric times to modern nationalism. The study filled gaps in the existing literature by examining the dynamic interplay of migration, external influences, and local traditions in the creation of Carpathian identities. It traced key periods of development: the prehistoric era, but also the medieval and early modern periods, during the rise of nationalism in the 19th century in the wake of World War II, and the advent of communism. The analysis started with prehistoric settlements and used archaeological and historical evidence to reveal early cultural markers that formed the area. It then examined the influence of the Hungarian and Ottoman empires in the medieval and early modern periods, as well as the part played by Christianity in generating regional identities. It discussed the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, its effect on ethnic identity, and national integration problems in the 20th century. Finally, the research took a look at post- communist transformation and its impact on the ethnographic landscape and changing cultural perceptions in the Carpathian region. The study provided new insights into the historical, cultural, and political undercurrents that have made up Carpathian identity, and more broadly into the nature of nationalism and ethnic identity in Central and Eastern Europe.

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