Indium phosphide quantum dots for photocatalysis and solar energy conversion: Materials design and device integration

Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as promising semiconductor nanomaterials for photocatalytic and solar-energy conversion systems due to their tunable optoelectronic properties and lower toxicity compared with conventional cadmium-based quantum dots. In this review, recent progress in the materials design, photophysical understanding, and device integration of InP quantum dots for solar-driven photocatalytic applications is systematically examined. First, advances in synthetic strategies and surface chemistry engineering are discussed, focusing on precursor chemistry, crystal growth mechanisms, and ligand-mediated surface coordination that govern nanocrystal quality and stability. Next, the electronic structure and photophysical behavior of InP QDs are analyzed, with particular attention to quantum confinement effects, excitonic dynamics, and carrier relaxation pathways that influence light absorption and charge separation processes. The review then critically summarizes reported photocatalytic and energy-conversion applications of InP-based systems, including photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO₂ photoreduction, and hybrid semiconductor architectures designed to enhance interfacial charge transfer. Finally, challenges associated with device integration, large-scale synthesis, environmental considerations, and long-term operational stability are discussed. These insights provide a comprehensive perspective on the design principles and technological prospects of InP quantum dot–based materials for efficient and sustainable solar-energy conversion.

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