Hybrid HPP–WPP–PV–NPP energy system stabilized by a nuclear–hydrogen cycle: A framework for seasonal balancing, irrigation constraints, and renewable synchronization

The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires architectures capable of maintaining stability under strong seasonal and daily variability of renewable energy sources (RES). This study develops an integrated hybrid energy system combining hydropower (HPP), wind power (WPP), solar photovoltaics (PV), and nuclear generation (NPP), unified through a nuclear–hydrogen cycle. Nuclear power provides a stable baseload for high-efficiency electrolysis, while hydrogen serves as a long-duration, cross-seasonal buffer that synchronizes variable renewable flows. The model incorporates three region-specific constraints rarely addressed in the literature: (i) mandatory irrigation-driven water withdrawal limiting HPP output in summer; (ii) altitude-dependent air-density corrections for mountainous wind sites; (iii) transformer-substation throughput limits restricting distributed RES integration. Two WPP scenarios (250 and 500 kW) are evaluated. Results show that the nuclear–hydrogen cycle fully compensates the seasonal hydropower deficit, increases HPP capacity utilization, enhances system resilience, and reduces dependence on climatic variability. “The nuclear–hydrogen cycle provides year-round stability of electricity generation … compensation for seasonal hydropower deficits …” Synchronization of energy flows of hydroelectric power stations and wind power plants using a hydrogen battery. Figure reproduced with permission from Fermaltech Montenegro Limited. • Nuclear-hydrogen cycle enabling continuous electrolysis and year-round hydrogen production. • Cryogenic hydrogen storage providing long-duration, cross-seasonal energy buffering. • Integration of hydrogen safety, cryogenic behavior, and emergency modes into system design. • MATLAB/Simulink validation of hydrogen-supported hybrid energy architecture. • Full seasonal hydropower deficit compensation achieved only with nuclear-hydrogen coupling.

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