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Surface-engineered carbon quantum dots for ciprofloxacin sensing and antibacterial applications

Asokan VasudevanFaculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaSuleiman Ibrahim MohammadResearch Follower, INTI International University, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaKamel A. SalehFaculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JordanSoumya V. MenonDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaRahul SaxenaDepartment of Biochemistry, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, IndiaAarti SharmaDepartment of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed-to-be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaHarvinder Singh SohalDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaKhushnud AzizjanovDepartment of Natural Sciences, Ma'mun University, Khiva, UzbekistanSultanov SirojiddinDepartment of Natural Sciences, Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez, UzbekistanNeda SarhanYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2026en

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ABI

Annotatsiya

Surface-engineered carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as versatile nanoplatforms for the simultaneous detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and antibacterial applications. This review systematically analyzes recent advances in heteroatom-doped CQDs with a particular focus on how surface chemistry governs both fluorescence sensing performance and antimicrobial behavior. Emphasis is placed on the role of surface functional groups, heteroatom configurations, and defect states in regulating electron-transfer processes, hydrogen bonding, and reactive oxygen species generation. Comparative evaluation of reported systems reveals that CIP sensing performance is primarily dictated by interfacial recognition mechanisms rather than quantum yield alone, with detection limits ranging from micromolar to sub-micromolar levels depending on surface functionality. In parallel, antibacterial activity is strongly influenced by surface charge density, ROS generation capability, and membrane interaction efficiency, with significant variability observed across different CQD precursors and doping strategies. The review highlights key inconsistencies in mechanistic interpretation, limitations in structural characterization, and the lack of standardized evaluation protocols. Furthermore, emerging trends toward multifunctional theranostic CQDs, artificial intelligence-guided design, and sustainable precursor utilization are discussed. Overall, a unified surface chemistry–bioactivity framework is proposed to bridge CIP sensing and antibacterial performance, enabling predictive design of next-generation CQD-based systems for environmental, biomedical, and food safety applications.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2026.100194

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