ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THYMUS AND SPLEEN MORPHOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL TESTICULAR CANCER AND BIOCORRECTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Testicular cancer ranks among the most common malignant neoplasms in young men. Beyond local tumour growth, it induces pronounced systemic changes affecting the immune system. The thymus and spleen are central to anti-tumour immunity, with their structural and functional status determining the efficacy of cellular and humoral immune responses. Experimental models of testicular cancer enable detailed examination of the sequence of morphological changes in these organs, assessment of immunosuppression severity, and determination of the efficacy of various biological correction methods. Objective. To systematise current literature data on morphological features of the thymus and spleen in experimental testicular cancer and to analyse the efficacy of various biocorrection methods for restoring the structural organisation of lymphoid organs and normalising anti-tumour immunity. Materials and methods. A narrative literature review was conducted based on searches in PubMed and Scopus databases from 2019 to 2026 using the following keywords: “testicular cancer”, “thymus morphology”, “spleen lymphoid organs”, “experimental oncology”, “biocorrection”, “immunomodulation”, and “oxidative stress”. Original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses addressing morphological changes in central and peripheral immune organs during experimental carcinogenesis and methods of their correction were included. Results. This review examines current data on morphological features of the thymus and spleen in experimental carcinogenesis, mechanisms of lymphoid tissue structural remodelling, and the roles of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in the development of immune dysfunction. Particular attention is devoted to modern biocorrection methods, including the application of natural antioxidants, phytopreparations, immunomodulators, peptide bioregulators, mesenchymal stem cells, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Conclusion. The thymus and spleen serve as highly sensitive indicators of the systemic impact of experimental testicular cancer on the immune system. Modern biocorrection strategies offer prospects for preserving the structural organisation of lymphoid organs, restoring immunological homeostasis, and enhancing the efficacy of anti-tumour therapy.

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