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Salsola oppositifolia methanolic extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl: Electrochemical, adsorption, surface and semi-empirical quantum-chemical insights

Abror NomozovDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies, Termez, 190111, UzbekistanKh.S. BeknazarovTashkent Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent Region, 111116, UzbekistanK. C. MirzakulovNetwork Center for Retraining and Advanced Training of Pedagogical Personnel, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent 100011, UzbekistanK.S. ArifdjanovaDepartment of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent 100011, UzbekistanG.E. MelikulovaDepartment of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent, 100011, UzbekistanSh. Kh. IsaqovaDepartment of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent, 100011, UzbekistanSh. I. UmarovDepartment of Chemistry, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Jizzakh, 130100, UzbekistanZ. Kh. UlugberdievaDepartment of Special Sciences, Chirchiq Branch of Impuls Medical Institute, Chirchiq 111700, UzbekistanO.B. SakiyevaDepartment of Algebra and Geometry, Termez State University, Termez 190111, Uzbekistan

2026en

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ABI

Annotatsiya

The corrosion-inhibition performance of a methanolic Salsola oppositifolia extract for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), adsorption-isotherm analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM–EDS, and semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations. The present work extends earlier studies on S. oppositifolia-derived inhibitors by examining a methanolic extract at comparatively low mass concentrations and integrating electrochemical, adsorption, surface, and molecular-descriptor evidence within a single experimental framework. The corrosion current density decreased from 12.03 to 0.71 mA cm⁻², giving a maximum PDP inhibition efficiency of 94.10% at 150 mg L⁻¹ . The maximum corrosion-potential displacement was 27 mV, consistent with mixed-type inhibition. EIS fitting showed a pronounced increase in charge-transfer resistance from 267.91 Ω cm² for the blank to 7278.71 Ω cm² at 100 mg L⁻¹ , while the calculated total polarization resistance reached 9500.35 Ω cm². The adsorption data followed the Langmuir relationship closely (R² = 0.9987–0.9995 at 303–333 K). SEM–EDS showed markedly reduced surface deterioration in the presence of the extract, and FTIR indicated oxygen- and nitrogen-related functional-group classes capable of contributing to interfacial interactions. Semi-empirical calculations gave energy gaps of 0.85 eV for isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and 5.44 eV for tetrahydroisoquinoline, indicating different electronic responsiveness of the two representative structures without assigning the overall inhibition effect to either compound. The combined results support concentration-dependent adsorption and formation of a protective interfacial layer, while compound-specific characterization and explicit inhibitor–Fe simulations remain necessary for a definitive molecular mechanism.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jacomc.2026.100280

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