Ocular surface diseases associated with the use of decorative cosmetics and aesthetic procedures and interventions

This narrative review summarizes current concepts of ocular surface diseases (OSD) associated with the use of decorative cosmetics, aesthetic procedures, and surgical interventions. The potential mechanisms underlying the development of dry eye disease (DED), meibomian gland dysfunction, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis, toxic-allergic reactions, eyelash abnormalities, eyelid malposition, and corneal involvement are discussed. Contemporary approaches to the diagnosis of OSD and the main therapeutic strategies for this category of patients are reviewed, including risk factor modification, differential tear replacement therapy according to the predominant pathogenic subtype of DED, anti-inflammatory and etiological treatment, restoration of meibomian gland function (including therapeutic eyelid hygiene), and surgical management of eyelid and ocular surface complications. Using the most common decorative cosmetic use and aesthetic procedures as examples (excessive mascara application, eyeliner application along the meibomian gland orifices, eyelash extensions, permanent eyelid makeup, botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers, upper and lower blepharoplasty), the review discusses the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of associated ocular surface diseases.

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