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RNA vaccines in motion: A multidisciplinary exploration of design, delivery, and deployment

Qamar AbuhassanDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, JordanAhmed AldulaimiDepartment of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University, Karbala, IraqO. S. WaleedMedical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, IraqSubbulakshmi GanesanDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaV. KavithaDepartment of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaLaxmidhar Maharana‎Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaRenu Sharma‎Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaMutabar LatipovaUniversity of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, Tashkent 100149, UzbekistanNazira MadatovaThe Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemistry, Alfraganus University, Tashkent, 100190, UzbekistanDoniyor JumanazarovUrgench State University, Kh. Alimdjan str. 14, Urgench 220100, UzbekistanAseel SmeratFaculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by-nc

ABI

Annotatsiya

RNA vaccines represent a major advance in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinology, largely due to the success of nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. These platforms build on long-standing progress in RNA chemistry, immunology, and nanotechnology. This review concentrates primarily on molecular design (codon/sequence optimization, chemical modifications, and data-driven antigen selection) and delivery optimization (LNPs and emerging alternatives like virus-like particles, extracellular vesicles, and ligand-targeted systems). Clinical progress is highlighted through examples from oncology, including personalized neoantigen approaches, combination therapies, and immunopeptidomics-guided validation, as well as early preclinical work on tolerance induction and localized protein replacement. Overall, continued refinement of RNA sequence engineering and delivery systems positions these platforms as flexible tools for rapid-response vaccination and therapy, especially where fast antigen adaptation and scalable production are required.

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DOI: 10.34172/bi.33056

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