VINYLATION REACTIONS OF DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS: CATALYTIC SYSTEMS, MECHANISMS, AND MODERN APPROACHES

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature on the vinylation of dicarboxylic acids. The principal approaches for the synthesis of vinyl and divinyl esters from dicarboxylic acids are reviewed, with particular emphasis on transvinylation and acetylene-mediated vinylation processes. The composition, catalytic activity, and selectivity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems are examined, together with the effects of catalyst nature, reaction temperature, solvent, and reaction time on product yield. Particular attention is given to the relationship between the molecular structure and reactivity of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. The proposed mechanistic pathways of vinylation reactions and the prospects for employing modern nanoscale and supported catalysts are also discussed. Based on the critical analysis of the available literature, promising directions for the development of highly active and selective catalytic systems and for the technological optimization of vinylation processes are identified

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