Maladaptation in middle-aged and elderly bodybuilders resulting from training loads with anaerobic energy supply

Purpose. To analyze the characteristics of maladaptation in novice middle-aged and elderly bodybuilders engaged in training programs with varying workload intensities and anaerobic energy supply mechanisms. Material & Methods. 90 middle-aged and elderly men with only one year of bodybuilding experience were examined. Three groups of 30 people each were formed: the first (A) and second (B) groups consisted of middle-aged men, and the third (C) group consisted of elderly men. To monitor maladaptation and adaptation failure, blood biomarkers (creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cortisol, and testosterone) were used. The studies were conducted before and after 3 months of using two exercise regimens differing in intensity (Ra=0.78; Ra=0.56), anaerobic energy supply mechanisms, and training models 1 and 2. Results. After 12 months of using the traditional training model during the initial phase of the study, middle-aged and elderly bodybuilders showed low levels of adaptive reserves. Specifically, in response to a test load (Ra=0.67), there was a significant increase in LDH (+61.7%) and a simultaneous decrease in cortisol (–17.8%) in their blood. The application of high-intensity training loads (Ra=0.78) over three months positively affected long-term adaptation in middle-aged bodybuilders. Baseline levels of CPK and testosterone increased by 30.9% and 29.3%, respectively, while LDH decreased by 5.3%. In response to a stimulus, moderate increases were observed in CPK (+3.9%), LDH (+5.6%), and testosterone (+9.4%), indicating an adequate physiological response. In elderly participants, signs of maladaptation included an increase in baseline CPK levels (+564.4%) and cortisol (+117.1%) above the upper reference limits. In response to the test load, CPK and LDH levels exceeded the upper reference limits, along with decreased blood cortisol, indicating failure to adapt. After extended use of training model 2, elderly bodybuilders showed signs of successful long-term adaptation, with basal LDH levels decreasing (–10.1%), and in response to the stimulus, testosterone (+25.6%), CPK (+8.1%), and cortisol (+11.9%) all rose simultaneously. The maladaptive signs seen in middle-aged participants included a decline in baseline testosterone (–14.6%) and increases in blood LDH (+119.8%) and cortisol (+95.6%). Adaptation failure in response to the test load was marked by exceeding the upper limits of LDH and a decrease in blood cortisol (–30.0%). Conclusions. Research findings suggest the need for a detailed study of changes in blood biomarkers to predict signs of adaptation failure and maladaptation in middle-aged and elderly novice bodybuilders as they develop training programs. The study revealed that, depending on training regimens, variability of exercises, and energy supply mechanisms, middle-aged and elderly novice bodybuilders exhibited different types of adaptive and compensatory reactions. The results showed that only bodybuilders of late middle age did not exhibit signs of adaptation failure or maladaptation, despite using various training models.

Hali tarjima qilinmagan