KRAXMAL SAQLAGAN GIDROGELLARNI YUQORI SUV YUTISH QOBILIYATIGA EGA HOLDA ISHLAB CHIQISH VA TADQIQ ETISH

This article presents the scientific and methodological basis for the development of starch-containing hydrogels with high water absorption and water-retention capacity. The advantages of starch as a natural, renewable, low-cost and biodegradable polysaccharide are discussed, together with its role as a source of hydrophilic functional groups within the hydrogel network. Water uptake and swelling are governed by polymer-chain hydration, osmotic pressure, ionization of functional groups and crosslinking density. A general preparation sequence is proposed, including starch pretreatment and gelatinization, addition of monomer and initiator, formation of a three-dimensional network using a crosslinking agent, washing, drying and grinding. Methods for evaluating swelling ratio, water absorption, swelling kinetics, water-retention capacity, repeated swelling–drying stability, FTIR characteristics and thermal stability are described. The effects of starch content, monomer concentration, crosslinking density, initiator concentration and pH on hydrogel performance are highlighted. The main practical application is related to agriculture, where starch-based hydrogels can act as soil conditioners, water reservoirs in the root zone and potential carriers for controlled delivery of mineral nutrients. The presented schemes and methodological framework can be used to design laboratory experiments and optimize hydrogel composition.

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