SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FLOW ECONOMY AND GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES WITHIN THE CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY FRAMEWORK LESSONS FROM THE MOGAO CAVES OF DUNHUANG AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SAMARKAND

The article explored sustainable visitor flow governance at cultural heritage sites by adapting circular bioeconomy principles. A comparative case study examined the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang and Samarkand through document analysis, literature review, field observations and informal interviews. Four mechanisms were organised: reducing heritage pressures, digital substitution, community benefit circulation and institutional coordination. Recommendations for Samarkand addressed carrying capacity assessment, electronic reservations, digitisation and preventive monitoring. Mahalla participation and interagency cooperation were highlighted. Implementation was structured into short, medium and long term phases. Findings remained qualitative, and subsequent observation and quantitative evaluation were identified as necessary for assessing the effectiveness of the proposals.

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