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Multivariate phenotypic profiling identifies drought-tolerant bread wheat germplasm through sequential seedling and field-stage screening

Muhammad ZeeshanDepartment of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, PakistanMueen Alam KhanDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Yenişehir, 33343, Mersin, TürkiyeIshtiaq AhmadDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, PakistanNormat Saydullayevich XasanovInstitute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Sh. Rashidov, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, 140104, UzbekistanMuhammad Azhar NadeemInstitute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Sh. Rashidov, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, 140104, UzbekistanJin‐Ying GouFrontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, ChinaFaheem Shehzad BalochInstitute of Biochemistry, Department of Genetics, Sh. Rashidov, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, 140104, UzbekistanMuhammad Tanveer AltafDepartment of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize/Pazar, Türkiye

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by-nc-nd

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Annotatsiya

Drought is a major abiotic constraint on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity in semi-arid regions, and identifying drought-tolerant germplasm is a prerequisite for developing climate-resilient cultivars. In Phase 1, 400 spring wheat genotypes were evaluated at the seedling stage under three moisture regimes (100%, 70%, and 40% field capacity) using a completely randomized design with three replicate pots per genotype × treatment. Ten morpho-physiological traits were recorded. Drought significantly reduced seedling growth (mean seedling length declined from 40.0 cm to ~ 29 cm; P ≤ 0.01) and increased proline content approximately 5.5-fold ( P ≤ 0.01), with no statistically significant difference between the two drought levels for the growth traits. The first two principal components jointly explained ~ 40% of the seedling-stage variation across all moisture regimes, and five components were required to explain > 70%. Based on an integrated ranking of standardized trait means, PC1/PC2 scores, and hierarchical-cluster membership, 105 lines were advanced to Phase 2 field evaluation under full irrigation, drought at anthesis, and drought at grain development. At the field stage, the contribution of PC1 declined from 60.96% under full irrigation to 22.47% and 30.26% under anthesis- and grain-development-stage drought, respectively, indicating a redistribution of phenotypic variance across a larger number of independent axes under stress. Sequential multivariate profiling identified a phenotypically diverse subset of Pakistani wheat germplasm suitable as parental material for a Line × Tester crossing programme aimed at drought resilience. The pronounced stage-specific reorganization of the phenotypic structure highlights the multi-trait, multi-stage nature of drought adaptation and cautions against reliance on single-trait or single-stage selection. Not applicable.

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DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-10121-8

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