Integration of a Photovoltaic Power System and a Solar Water Heater at an Industrial Facility: Data Reconciliation, Hybrid Energy Balance, and Measurement and Verification Methodology

Industrial facilities increasingly combine photovoltaic electricity and solar thermal heat, but audit reports may compare incompatible energy records or aggregate electrical and thermal savings into a single figure. This creates a risk of overstating system performance and double counting displaced energy. This study develops a data-quality-aware measurement and verification methodology for an existing 40 kW rooftop photovoltaic system and a proposed 400 L/day solar water-heating system at an industrial confectionery facility. Audit records were classified by temporal coverage, measurement source, and alternating-current/direct-current boundary; partial-period specific yields were calculated; photovoltaic performance indicators were structured in accordance with IEC 61724-1; useful thermal demand was estimated from the water mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature rise; and a 50-85% solar-fraction sensitivity analysis was integrated with separate electricity and heat ledgers. The audit reports 52.5 MWh for July-December 2025 and 36.2 MWh for January-April 2026, corresponding to partial-period specific yields of 1,312.5 and 905 kWh/kWp. These values cannot be compared directly with a separate 26.928 MWh annual forecast until meter identity, capacity boundary, period completeness, and self-consumption/export allocation are reconciled. For the 400 L load, 18.6 kWh of useful heat is required per cycle, and annual useful solar heat varies from 3.39 to 5.77 MWh over the investigated solar-fraction range. The proposed architecture prevents double counting by maintaining separate physical ledgers and integrating them only at the cost, emissions, or primary-energy layer. Data reconciliation and uncertainty disclosure are therefore prerequisites for credible technical and economic decisions.

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