Thinking Beyond the Tool: Misuse of ChatGPT and the Future of Student Cognition

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT, has rapidly transformed education by providing immediate information, personalized learning support, academic writing assistance, language learning opportunities, and research support. However, growing concerns exist regarding excessive reliance on AI-generated content and its potential effects on cognitive development. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the educational benefits and cognitive risks associated with ChatGPT using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2022 and June 2026. Following systematic screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 27 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Five major themes emerged: educational benefits, cognitive offloading, critical thinking, creativity, and teacher perspectives. Findings indicate that ChatGPT supports personalized learning, feedback, academic writing, language learning, coding, and research productivity. Conversely, excessive dependence may contribute to cognitive offloading, weaker memory retention, reduced analytical reasoning and critical thinking, superficial learning, diminished creativity, and academic integrity concerns. Teacher guidance and ethical AI practices are essential for safeguarding cognitive development. The review concludes that ChatGPT should enhance rather than replace students’ cognitive activities, supporting critical thinking, creativity, ethical responsibility, and lifelong learning.

Hali tarjima qilinmagan