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N-GQDs as quenching/enhancing nano-probes for the detection of persistent organic pollutants

Basem Abu ZneidFaculty of Technical Education, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JordanAsmaa Edrees FadhilDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Turath University, Baghdad, IraqRekha M. MDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, IndiaAhmed AldulaimiCollege of Food Sciences, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, IraqSara abdalkahar sleemanDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education, Alnoor University, Mosul, IraqRasulbek Jumyazovich EshmetovDepartment of Natural Sciences, Mamun University, Khiva, UzbekistanMirzohid ErnazarovDepartment of Information Technology and Exact Sciences, Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez, UzbekistanMonika VermaDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaAhmad AmiriYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by

ABI

Annotatsiya

Persistent organic pollutants remain among the most challenging environmental contaminants due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and long-range ecological toxicity. In recent years, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) have emerged as highly promising fluorescent nano-probes for ultrasensitive POP detection because of their tunable electronic structure, high surface activity, excellent aqueous dispersibility, and controllable photophysical behavior. This review discusses the structural engineering, dopant modulation, and morphological control of N-GQDs as key determinants of fluorescence quenching and enhancement performance. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanistic foundations of photophysical transduction pathways, including photoinduced electron transfer, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, trap-state passivation, and competitive displacement mechanisms governing “turn-off” and “turn-on” sensing responses. The review further evaluates recent advances in analytical sensing architectures, ratiometric platforms, hybrid multimodal systems, and field-deployable devices for environmental monitoring applications. Importantly, current limitations involving structural heterogeneity, mechanistic ambiguity, matrix interference, and poor reproducibility are analyzed. Finally, future perspectives focusing on artificial intelligence-assisted nanomaterial design, hybrid sensing technologies, and standardized fabrication strategies are proposed to accelerate the transition of N-GQDs from laboratory-scale fluorescent materials to reliable environmental sensing platforms for next-generation pollutant surveillance.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103998

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