Reliability-oriented encapsulation strategies for long-term stable perovskite quantum dots: from polymer barriers to hybrid functional platforms

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have attracted considerable attention for advanced optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional photoluminescence efficiency, tunable emission, and unique defect-tolerant electronic structures. However, their practical implementation remains limited by intrinsic lattice softness, thermodynamic metastability, surface defect evolution, ion migration, and severe sensitivity to moisture and operational stress. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical origins of PQD instability and establishes the relationship between degradation mechanisms and encapsulation design principles. Recent progress in polymer barriers, organic matrices, conductive polymer coatings, porous aerogel frameworks, and hybrid encapsulation architectures is discussed, emphasizing their roles in moisture suppression, defect regulation, interfacial stabilization, and transport control. Particular attention is given to the transition from passive water protection toward reliability-oriented encapsulation engineering, where long-term performance depends on the integration of barrier properties, surface chemistry, mechanical durability, and device compatibility. Furthermore, current challenges associated with reliability evaluation, matrix aging, scalability, and industrial translation are highlighted. Finally, emerging strategies including adaptive hybrid systems, self-healing interfaces, and multifunctional stabilization platforms are proposed as future directions for developing durable PQD technologies with long-term operational stability.

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