Effectiveness of hybrid sorption–spectroscopic methods for the determination of heavy metals in environmental objects

Research related to environmental remediation and the design of efficient hybrid analytical methods based on low-cost sorbents has increased considerably in recent years. This review primarily focuses on the evaluation of recent hybrid sorption–spectroscopic methods for the determination of heavy metal ions in water and food samples, whereas soil and atmospheric matrices are discussed only briefly due to the limited availability of relevant published studies. In this study, recent investigations on the determination of toxic and heavy metals using advanced spectroscopic methods, including spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), are comprehensively analyzed. In addition, hybrid instrumental techniques such as inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and other related approaches are critically reviewed. The review highlights the impact of sorption processes on analytical performance, focusing on the selectivity, sorption capacity, and physicochemical properties of various natural and synthetic sorbents. Sorption mechanisms, solid-phase extraction methods, and their modern modifications (SPE, MSPE, SPME, and D-μSPE) are also discussed in detail. The results confirm that hybrid approaches significantly improve analytical sensitivity, decrease matrix effects, and allow reliable determination of trace concentrations of heavy metals in real samples. Therefore, the scientific and practical value of hybrid sorption–spectroscopic systems for environmental monitoring and food safety control is clearly demonstrated. Based on literature published between 2015 and 2025, the applicability and efficiency of advanced methods for determining Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) ions are critically evaluated. Moreover, future perspectives for enhancing analytical methods through the integration of hybrid techniques with sorption-based preconcentration strategies are emphasized for environmental surveillance and food quality assurance.

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