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When does selenium mitigate cadmium in crops? A critical evidence-based framework from speciation to field decision-making

Nazir AhmedGuangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mango, College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi 533000, ChinaMuzammil HussainFaculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, PakistanAbdul KhaliqueFaculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, PakistanZameer HussainFaculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, PakistanSadaruddin ChacharThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaZaid ChacharThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaBilquees BozdarCollege of Agriculture, Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, ChinaAamir AliDepartment of Microbiology, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan 170100, UzbekistanIqra BalochCollege of Life Science and Agri-Forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, ChinaSaqib HussainFaculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, PakistanZhengzhou YangGuangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mango, College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi 533000, ChinaZhengjie ZhuGuangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mango, College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China

2026en

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Litsenziya: cc-by-nc-nd

ABI

Annotatsiya

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread soil contaminant that threatens crop productivity, food safety, and human health. Selenium (Se) supplementation has emerged as a promising strategy for reducing Cd toxicity and accumulation in crops, but reported outcomes remain highly variable across studies. This review synthesizes current evidence on Se-mediated Cd mitigation from speciation to field decision-making, with emphasis on why Se works in some systems, fails in others, or produces contradictory outcomes. Se can reduce Cd bioavailability at the soil–root interface, regulate Cd-related transporters, promote Cd retention in root cell walls and vacuoles, enhance thiol-mediated complexation, and stabilize redox and carbon metabolism under Cd stress. However, these responses are strongly shaped by Se species, dose, application route, crop genotype, edible organ type, soil pH, redox status, water regime, and background Cd/Se levels. We argue that lower tissue Cd concentration should not automatically be interpreted as true Cd uptake suppression because biomass dilution can produce similar concentration declines. Therefore, future studies should report biomass, yield, total Cd content, translocation factors, and edible-tissue Cd/Se accumulation alongside concentration data. We further evaluate emerging microbial strategies, multi-omics evidence, and DGT-labile Se:Cd indicators, but highlight that many remain under-validated across crops and field conditions. Finally, we propose a decision-gate framework integrating Cd-risk screening, Se-safety assessment, soil pH/redox diagnosis, labile Se:Cd balance, crop-specific strategy selection, and concentration-versus-content validation. Overall, Se-based Cd mitigation should be developed as a crop-specific, dose-calibrated, safety-constrained, and field-validated strategy rather than a universal remediation input.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2026.105155

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