Irreversibility analysis of thixotropic Jeffery nanofluid flow subject to newtonian heating with parametric sensitivity analysis and grid convergence verification past an inclined cylinder

The well-known, rising demand of attaining better thermal management solutions in the modern Mechanical, Energy and Biomedical fields has led to the investigation of nanofluids with tunable rheological properties. The study considers the steady, axisymmetric and two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian thixotropic Jeffrey nanofluid over an inclined stretching porous cylinder with nanoparticles of high electrical conductivity material (Ti 3 C 2 ). This novel concept combines the constitutive viscoelastic matrix with a state-dependent microstructural scalar variable to account for the active balance between time-dependent network restoration and physical breakdown that is affected by the shear. The governing coupled, highly non-linear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations and numerically solved with a powerful Parametric Continuation Method (PCM) algorithm. The spatial integration errors are bounded by a maximum absolute local residual criterion of (1.0 × 10 −8 ) and the multi-variable numeric uncertainty limit is low, in the order of (±2.1 × 10 −6 ), in a strict grid convergence evaluation that was performed over 60 to 200 node elements. The algorithm is highly stable with full absolute convergence obtained in less than 6 iterations in every case. The numerical results reveal that for positive values of Deborah number in the range − 1.0 to 3.0 and velocity slip factor from 1.0 to 7.0, the surface skin friction decreases by up to 41.5343% and 85.1217% respectively, whereas increasing with the porosity factor by up to 3.22616%. At the same time, the surface energy transfer rate is increasing non-monotonously, reaching values up to 75.4138% when the fraction of nanoparticles is increased from 0.01 to 0.04, and those of the Newtonian heating factor are raised from 1 to 4.0. Moreover, a sensitivity study using derivatives shows that the thixotropic parameter decreases the local Nusselt numbers by 19.5214% and increases the overall surface friction by 21.1492% whilst the volumetric entropy generation is highly sensitive to the advanced Brinkman and radiation parameters.

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