CdSe Quantum Dot Platforms for Tumor Biomarker Detection and Bioimaging: Nano–Bio Interfaces, Signal Transduction, and Translational Challenges

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots have attracted considerable attention in cancer diagnostics owing to their tunable electronic structure, exceptional photophysical properties, and capacity for multiplex signal generation. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate CdSe QD platforms for tumor biomarker detection and multiplex clinical bioimaging by integrating nanomaterial fundamentals, nano–bio interface engineering, analytical signal-transduction strategies, and translational considerations within a unified diagnostic framework. Particular attention is given to the structure–property relationships governing charge transfer, optical behavior, surface reactivity, and biological interactions that collectively determine analytical performance. The roles of surface functionalization, biomolecular conjugation, protein-corona evolution, and molecular recognition processes are analyzed to elucidate how nano–bio interfaces shape sensing accuracy and imaging reliability. Recent advances in photoelectrochemical (PEC), electrochemiluminescent, and fluorescence-based platforms are further evaluated to highlight emerging trends in signal self-validation, multiplex biomarker profiling, optical amplification, and clinically relevant imaging. Major translational barriers, including toxicity concerns, reproducibility challenges, manufacturing scalability, and data-integration complexity, are also discussed. The convergence of intelligent sensing strategies, multimodal diagnostic systems, and data-driven clinical workflows is identified as an important direction for the field. Collectively, these developments indicate a gradual transition of CdSe QDs from passive signal reporters toward integrated diagnostic platforms capable of supporting precision oncology.

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