Bright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
D. N. BurrowsCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAP. RomanoDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAA. FalconeDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAS. KobayashiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKBing ZhangCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAA. MorettiCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAP. T. O’BrienDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAM. R. GoadDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKS. CampanaCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAK. L. PageDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAL. AngeliniCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAA. P. BeardmoreDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAM. CapalbiDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAG. ChincariniCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. R. CummingsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKG. CusumanoDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAD. B. FoxDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAP. GiommiDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. E. HillDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. A. KenneaDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAH. A. KrimmCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAV. ManganoCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAF. E. MarshallDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAP. MészárosDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKDavid C. MorrisCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. A. NousekDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAJ. P. OsborneCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAC. PaganiCenter for Gravitational Wave Physics, 104 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAM. PerriDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAG. TagliaferriDepartment of Physics, University of Nevada, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154–4002, USAA. A. WellsDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAS. E. WoosleyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKN. GehrelsDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows have provided important clues to the nature of these massive explosive events, providing direct information on the nearby environment and indirect information on the central engine that powers the burst. We report the discovery of two bright x-ray flares in GRB afterglows, including a giant flare comparable in total energy to the burst itself, each peaking minutes after the burst. These strong, rapid x-ray flares imply that the central engines of the bursts have long periods of activity, with strong internal shocks continuing for hundreds of seconds after the gamma-ray emission has ended.
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