Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole
R. AbuterEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. AmorimUniversidade de Lisboa – Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalN. AnuguFaculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalM. BauböckMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. BenistyUniversité Grenoble AlpesJ. P. BergerUniversité Grenoble AlpesN. BlindObservatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandH. BonnetEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyW. BrandnerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyA. BuronMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyC. CollinDélégation Paris 7F. ChapronLaboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysiqueY. ClénetUniversité Paris Sciences et LettresV. dCoudé u ForestoLaboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysiqueP. T. de ZeeuwSterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsC. DeenMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. Delplancke-StröbeleEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyR. DembetDélégation Paris 7J. DexterMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyG. DuvertUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceA. EckartMax Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyF. EisenhauerMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyG. FingerEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyN. M. Förster SchreiberMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. FédouLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceP. GarciaCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalR. Garcia LopezMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyF. GaoMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. GendronLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceR. GenzelMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. GillessenMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. GordoCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalM. HabibiMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyX. HauboisEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileM. HaugEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. HaußmannMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyTh. HenningMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. HipplerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyM. Horrobin1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyZ. HubertSorbonne Paris CitéN. HubinEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. Jimenez RosalesMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. JochumEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. JocouUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceA. KauferEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileS. KellnerMax Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyS. KendrewEuropean Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAP. KervellaDélégation Paris 7Y. KokMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. KulasMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. LacourUniversité Paris Sciences et LettresV. LapeyrèreUniversité Paris Sciences et LettresB. LazareffUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceJ.-B. Le BouquinUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceP. LénaLaboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysiqueM. LippaMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyR. LenzenMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyA. MérandEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. MülerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyU. NeumannMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyT. OttMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. PalancaEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileT. PaumardUniversité Paris Sciences et LettresL. PasquiniEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyK. PerrautUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceG. PerrinLaboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysiqueO. PfuhlMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. M. PlewaMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. RabienMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. RamírezEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileJ. RamosMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyC. RauMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyG. Rodríguez-CoiraDélégation Paris 7R.-R. RohloffMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyG. RoussetDélégation Paris 7J. Sanchez-BermudezMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. ScheithauerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyM. SchöllerEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyN. SchulerEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileJ. SpyromilioEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyO. StraubSorbonne Paris CitéC. Straubmeier1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyE. SturmMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. J. TacconiMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyK. R. W. TristramEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileF. VincentLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceS. von FellenbergMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyI. Wank1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyI. WaisbergMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. WidmannMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. WieprechtMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. Wiest1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyE. WiezorrekMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJ. WoillezEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. Yazici1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyD. ZieglerLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceG. ZinsEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, Chile
2018en
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The highly elliptical, 16-year-period orbit of the star S2 around the massive black hole candidate Sgr A ✻ is a sensitive probe of the gravitational field in the Galactic centre. Near pericentre at 120 AU ≈ 1400 Schwarzschild radii, the star has an orbital speed of ≈7650 km s −1 , such that the first-order effects of Special and General Relativity have now become detectable with current capabilities. Over the past 26 years, we have monitored the radial velocity and motion on the sky of S2, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics instruments on the ESO Very Large Telescope, and since 2016 and leading up to the pericentre approach in May 2018, with the four-telescope interferometric beam-combiner instrument GRAVITY. From data up to and including pericentre, we robustly detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z = Δ λ / λ ≈ 200 km s −1 / c with different statistical analysis methods. When parameterising the post-Newtonian contribution from these effects by a factor f , with f = 0 and f = 1 corresponding to the Newtonian and general relativistic limits, respectively, we find from posterior fitting with different weighting schemes f = 0.90 ± 0.09| stat ± 0.15| sys . The S2 data are inconsistent with pure Newtonian dynamics.
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