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Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

Will SteffenFenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, AustraliaKatherine RichardsonCenter for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkJohan RockströmStockholm UniversitySarah CornellStockholm UniversityIngo FetzerStockholm UniversityElena M. BennettDepartment of Natural Resource Sciences and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, CanadaReinette BiggsStockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, SwedenStephen R. CarpenterCenter for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison WI 53706 USAW. de VriesAlterra Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, NetherlandsCynthia A. de WitDepartment of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, SwedenCarl FolkeBeijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-10405 Stockholm, SwedenDieter GertenResearch Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, GermanyJens HeinkeResearch Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, GermanyGeorgina M. MaceCentre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UKLinn PerssonStockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, SE-10451 Stockholm, SwedenV. RamanathanTERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, IndiaBelinda ReyersNatural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South AfricaSverker SörlinDivision of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden

2015en

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Annotatsiya

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

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DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855

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