The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87
Kazunori AkiyamaMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. AlberdiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, SpainW. AlefMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyJuan Carlos AlgabaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRichard AnantuaCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKeiichi AsadaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROCRebecca AzulayDepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, SpainU. BachMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyAnne-Kathrin BaczkoMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyDavid BallSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMislav BalokovićYale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USAB. BandyopadhyayAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160, Concepción, ChileJ. BarrettMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAMichi BauböckDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAB. A. BensonFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, PO Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USADan BintleyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USALindy BlackburnCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAR. BlundellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKatherine L. BoumanCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAGeoffrey C. BowerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USAHope BoyceDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaMichael BremerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, FranceRoger BrissendenCenter for Astrophysics Harvard & SmithsonianS. BritzenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyAvery E. BroderickDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaDominique BroguièreInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, FranceThomas BronzwaerDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSandra BustamanteDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAJ. E. CarlstromDepartment of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAAndrew ChaelPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryChi‐kwan ChanData Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USADominic O. ChangCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKoushik ChatterjeeCenter for Astrophysics Harvard & SmithsonianShami ChatterjeeCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAMing‐Tang ChenYongjun ChenShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR ChinaXiaopeng ChengKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaIlje ChoKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaPierre ChristianPhysics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USANicholas S. ConroyCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJ. E. ConwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, SwedenT. M. CrawfordDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAG. CrewMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAAlejandro Cruz-OsorioInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyYuzhu CuiMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USARohan DahaleInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, SpainJordy DavelaarColumbia UniversityMariafelicia De LaurentisDipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, ItalyRoger DeaneDepartment of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaJessica DempseyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAG. DesvignesMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyJason DexterUniversity of Colorado BoulderVedant DhruvDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAIndu K. DihingiaTsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai 201210, PR ChinaSheperd S. DoelemanCenter for Astrophysics Harvard & SmithsonianSergio A. DzibInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, FranceRalph P. EatoughMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyRazieh EmamiCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAH. FalckeDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJoseph FarahUniversité Bourgogne Franche-ComtéVincent L. FishMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAE. B. FomalontNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAH. Alyson FordSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMarianna FoschiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, SpainRaquel Fraga-EncinasDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsWilliam T. FreemanDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USAPer FribergEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAChristian M. FrommMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, SpainPeter GalisonDepartment of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACharles F. GammieDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USARoberto GarcíaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, FranceOlivier GentazInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, FranceBoris GeorgievDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaC. GoddiInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, BrazilRoman GoldCP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, DenmarkArturo I. Gómez-RuizConsejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, MexicoJosé L. GómezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, SpainMinfeng GuShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR ChinaMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKazuhiro HadaMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDaryl HaggardDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaRonald HesperNOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDirk HeumannSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USALuis C. HoKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR ChinaPaul T. P. HoEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAMareki HonmaDepartment of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanChih-Wei L. HuangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROCLei 磊 Huang 黄Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR ChinaD. H. HughesInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., MexicoShiro IkedaThe University of TokyoC. M. Violette ImpellizzeriNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAMakoto InoueInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROCSara IssaounCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAD. J. JamesASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USABuell T. JannuziSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMichaël JanssenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyBritton JeterInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROCWu JiangShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR ChinaAlejandra Jiménez-RosalesDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3 −3.1 +1.5 μas. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30° relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5 × 10 9 M ⊙ . The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.
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