Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>eV</mml:mi></mml:math>using the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, ItalyJustin M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaA. AlmelaNational University of General San MartínM. CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mxico, D.F., MxicoJaime Álvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainRafael Alves BatistaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsGioacchino Alex AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyL. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USAB. AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyP. R. Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyH. AsoreyPhysik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyP. AssisLaboratrio de Instrumentao e Fsica Experimental de Partculas-LIP and Instituto Superior Tcnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, PortugalGualberto AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malarge, ArgentinaAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaAlena BakalováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu"Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaFelicia BarbatoUniversit di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, ItalyRicardo Jorge Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalK. H. BeckerBergische Universitt Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BeratUniversité Grenoble AlpesM. E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyX. BertouBariloche Atomic CentrePeter L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut fr Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyTeresa BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJ. BiteauUniversit Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, FranceA. BlancoLaboratrio de Instrumentao e Fsica Experimental de Partculas-LIP and Instituto Superior Tcnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, PortugalJiří BlažekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniversit Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Universit Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, FranceM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Fsica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLuan Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade de So Paulo, Instituto de Fsica, So Paulo, SP, BrazilNataliia BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandAna Martina BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USAT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyF. L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumMario BuscemiUniversit di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoLorenzo CaccianigaINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyL. CalcagniUniversidad Nacional de La PlataA. CancioNational University of General San MartínF. CanforaNationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsI. CaracasBergische Universitt Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJuan Miguel CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de So Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil 42 INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy 43 Universidade Estadual deG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLaboratrio de Instrumentao e Fsica Experimental de Partculas-LIP and Instituto Superior Tcnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malarge, ArgentinaC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilK. ChoiInstituto Galego de Fsica de Altas Enerxas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaAgustín Cobos CeruttiNational University of General San MartínRoberta ColalilloUniversit di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, ItalyA. ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USAM. R. ColucciaUniversità del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalAntonio CondorelliGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyG. ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malarge, ArgentinaFabio ConvengaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyC. E. Covaultalso at Radboud Universtiy Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ. A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR. M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJ. de JesúsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyS. J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroNationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsJ. R. T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Fsica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ. de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilDanelise de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilEmanuele De VitoUniversità del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, ItalyJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyM. del RíoObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaO. DelignyUniversit Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, FranceH.-P. DembinskiKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyN. DhitalInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandC. Di GiulioINFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, ItalyA. di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyM. L. Díaz CastroUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ. C. D’OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoQ. DorostiUniversitt Siegen, Fachbereich
2020lv
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We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays for energies above 2.5×1018 eV based on 215,030 events recorded with zenith angles below 60°. A key feature of the work is that the estimates of the energies are independent of assumptions about the unknown hadronic physics or of the primary mass composition. The measurement is the most precise made hitherto with the accumulated exposure being so large that the measurements of the flux are dominated by systematic uncertainties except at energies above 5×1019 eV. The principal conclusions are(1) The flattening of the spectrum near 5×1018 eV, the so-called "ankle,"is confirmed.(2) The steepening of the spectrum at around 5×1019 eV is confirmed.(3) A new feature has been identified in the spectrum: in the region above the ankle the spectral index γ of the particle flux (∝E-γ) changes from 2.51±0.03 (stat)±0.05 (syst) to 3.05±0.05 (stat)±0.10 (syst) before changing sharply to 5.1±0.3 (stat)±0.1 (syst) above 5×1019 eV.(4) No evidence for any dependence of the spectrum on declination has been found other than a mild excess from the Southern Hemisphere that is consistent with the anisotropy observed above 8×1018 eV.
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