Reconstruction of Events Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyJustin M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteBalseiro InstituteA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasJesus Alvarez CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoJaime Álvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainRafael Alves BatistaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsGioacchino Alex AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyLuis A. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, U.S.AB. AndradaNational University of General San MartínS. AndringaLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyPaulo Ricardo Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyH. AsoreyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalGael Flores AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaAlena BakalováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu"Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaFelicia BarbatoUniversità di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, ItalyRicardo Jorge Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalK. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BeratUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM. E. BertainaUniversità Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, ItalyX. BertouBalseiro InstituteP.L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyP. BilloirSorbonne UniversitéTeresa BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJonathan BiteauLaboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-CurieA. BlancoLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsJiří BlažekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliUniversità dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilL. Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilNataliia BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandAna Martina BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.AT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyA. BridgemanKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyF.L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyPeter BuchholzFolkwang University of the ArtsA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumMario BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoLorenzo CaccianigaUniversità di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyL. CalcagniUniversidad Nacional de La PlataA. CancioInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaF. CanforaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsIoana CaracasBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJuan Miguel CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilK. ChoiInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaAgustín Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasR. ColalilloUniversità di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, ItalyAlan ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, U.S.AM. R. ColucciaUniversità del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsAntonio CondorelliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyGiovanni ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaFabio ConvengaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyC. E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.AS. DassoInstitute of Astronomy and Space PhysicsK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJarryd A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaRogerio M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJoaquín de JesúsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDe Mauro, G.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ. de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilDanelise de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilFranco, D. de OliveiraUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilEmanuele De VitoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyMariano del RíoObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaO. DelignyUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceN. DhitalInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandA. di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyM. L. Díaz CastroUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJuan Carlos D’OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoQ. DorostiUniversität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
2020en
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Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe the methods applied to the measurements of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct events with zenith angles less than $60^\circ$ using the timing and signal information recorded using the water-Cherenkov detector stations. In addition, we assess the accuracy of these methods in reconstructing the arrival directions of the primary cosmic ray particles and the sizes of the induced showers.
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