Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, ItalyJ.M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteBariloche Atomic CentreA. AlmelaUniversidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainR. Alves BatistaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG.A. AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyL. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, U.S.AB. AndradaNational University of General San MartínS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyP.R. Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyH. AsoreyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasP. AssisLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsG. AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaA.M. BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaA. BakalovaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaF. BarbatoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyR.J. Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalK.H. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ.A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BeratUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM.E. BertainaUniversità Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, ItalyX. BertouBariloche Atomic CentreP.L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyT. BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJ. BiteauUniversité Paris-SaclayJ. BlazekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniversité Grenoble AlpesM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicD. BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilL. Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilN. BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandA.M. BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.AT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyF.L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumM. BuscemiUniversità di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, ItalyK.S. Caballero-MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoL. CaccianigaUniversità di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyF. CanforaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsI. CaracasBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ.M. CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoUniversità di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyL. CazonLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaJ.A. ChinellatoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilK. ChoiUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR.W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA.C. Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaR. ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyA. ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, U.S.AM.R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle PhysicsA. CondorelliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyG. ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaF. ConvengaUniversità del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, ItalyC.E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.AS. DassoInstituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyB.R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ.A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR.M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJ. de JesúsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y AstropartículasS.J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroNationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyJ. de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilD. de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilE. De VitoUniversità del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, ItalyJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyM. del RíoObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaO. DelignyUniversité Paris-SaclayA. Di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ.C. D'OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoR.C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilM.T. DovaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaJ. EbrInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyI. EpicocoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyM. ErdmannRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyC.O. EscobarFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, U.S.AA. EtchegoyenUniversidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaH. FalckeIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
2021en
ABI
Annotatsiya
: AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m 2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m 2 . Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
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